Optical methods refer to the use of light and its interactions with matter for various scientific purposes, such as imaging, sensing, and analysis. This research area encompasses a wide range of techniques, including microscopy, spectroscopy, and imaging, that utilize light to investigate and study biological, chemical, and physical systems. Optical methods are highly versatile, non-invasive, and can provide detailed information about the structure, composition, and dynamics of materials at the microscopic and nanoscale levels. Researchers in this field develop and apply advanced optical instrumentation and techniques to address fundamental scientific questions and develop new technologies for applications in areas such as medicine, environmental monitoring, and materials science.